DNA Testing

In what cases is DNA needed?
How accurate are the results?
Are the results guaranteed?
Who needs to be tested?
What types of samples are collected?
When can the testing be done?
Where can I go to provide a DNA sample?
When are the results available?
Are the results admissible in court?
Paternity
Prenatal Maternity Sibling-ship
Grand parentage
Family Reconstruction
Twin Zygosity
DNA Identity Testing

In what cases is DNA needed?
• Parents requiring to identify the custody and/or visitation rights of their children
• Parents seeking child support
• Grandparents wanting to verify the identity of their grandchildren
• Adoptees who wants to identify their biological family members
• People wanting to verify sibling relationships
• Immigrants wishing to legally immigrate into the U.S. or elsewhere
• Individuals verifying their relationship to the deceased to ensure rightful inheritance and social security benefits
• Individuals trying to prove Indian Heritage to seek Native American benefits
• Individuals looking for missing family members
• Twins wishing to determine if they are identical or fraternal

How accurate are the results?
The laboratory performs very extensive testing in all cases. The average power of exclusion of the DNA test is greater than 99.999999%. Such level of accuracy is over one million time greater than most state and federal government standards. The level is significantly higher than other laboratories.

Are the results guaranteed?
Yes, they are. The laboratory is fully accredited to guarantee the accuracy of the test results. Due to the extraordinary level of accuracy, they are able to guarantee that all mother-child-alleged father and single parent-child DNA parentage tests, the DNA results you receive will either prove that the tested man is NOT the biological father of the child, or they will demonstrate a greater than 99.9% probability that the tested man IS the biological father of the child in comparison to a random, unrelated man in the population. In the absence of the above findings, we will refund you money.

Who needs to be tested?
Traditionally, a sample is colleted from the mother, the child and the alleged father in parentage testing. However, when samples are only obtained from one parent and child, the DNA paternity test is still performed with our same, guaranteed accuracy.

What types of samples are collected?
NA sampling is non-invasive. Samples are easily obtained from inside the mouth with a cotton swab (buccal swab).

When can the testing be done?
DNA testing can be done at any age. Testing before birth is possible.

Where can I go to provide a DNA sample?
We have an extensive network of sample collection sites nationwide. We make the process convenient for everyone involved by handling all the arrangements. Typically, we are able to schedule an appointment at a site approximately 30 minute drive time or less. If necessary, or preferred, samples may be collected from each individual at a different time or place.

When are the results available?
Standard paternity results are available in 3 business days. Next day results are available for an additional fee.

Are the results admissible in court?
Yes, they are. The DNA test’s precise client identification procedures, strict chain of custody documentation, and stringent testing protocols greatly exceed state and federal government standards and DNA testing guidelines established by national accreditation agencies. The results of the DNA test are provided in the form of a notarized report. This is a document that can be presented as evidence, and is recognized and accepted in all United State courts.

Paternity
Paternity testing simply means establishing fatherhood.

Prenatal
You don’t have to wait 9 months to know.
Prenatal paternity can be done through testing of the amniotic fluid. Gestation must be at least 18 weeks.
The Amniocentesis will be arranged at your obstetrician’s office.

Maternity
In the DNA maternity test, the mother and child are tested to prove that the mother is the biological mother. Such cases are done when the mother and child are separated either through adoption or in cases when questions of the baby being switched at birth.

Sibling ship
In the DNA sibling test, two children are tested to determine whether they share the same biological parent or parents. Full siblings are individuals who have the same biological mother and the same biological father. Half siblings share only one parent. Since siblings have the same parent(s), they have matching genes much more often than do two unrelated individuals. When matches between two potential siblings are found, calculations are made to determine the probability that a sibling relationship exists.

Grand parentage
In cases where the alleged father is deceased or unknown, the paternal grandparents can be tested to determine the likelihood they are the child’s biological grandparents. The deceased alleged father received his genes from his parents. Therefore, the child’s genes match the genes in the alleged paternal grandfather and grandmother in cases where the deceased man is the true biological father of the child.

Family Reconstruction
When the alleged father is deceased or missing, a DNA reconstruction test may be performed. Such DNA testing is possible because the genes of the deceased or missing alleged father are present in his known biological family members (i.e., his parents, his siblings, his known children).

Twin Zygosity
Twins can be identical or fraternal. Identical twins are always of the same sex. Fraternal twins may be of the same sex, or they may be of different sexes.
The twin zygosity test proves with absolute certainty that twins are fraternal when the DNA alleles of each twin are different. When the DNA alleles of each twin are identical, the probability of identity is calculated. The twin zygosity test demonstrates a greater that 99.9% probability if identity in such cases.

Forensic Paternity
Forensic Paternity comes in to play when one or more of the parties involved are not available or deceased. Common sources of forensic DNA evidence include:
• Band Aids, feminine products, diabetic glucose sticks
• Blanket, pillow, bed sheet
• Blood dot card
• Bone
• Bottle, can, glass
• Dental Floss
• Dentures
• Dirty Laundry
• Electric razor clippings
• Eyeglasses
• Facial tissue, cotton swab
• Fingernail clippings
• Gum
• Hair w/ roots or follicles
• Hat
• Post mortem tissue
• Stamp or envelope (lickable)
• Teeth
• Toothbrush
• Toothpick
• Used cigarette

TO avoid contamination of the evidence always take the following precautions:
• Wear gloves
• Avoid touching the area where you believe DNA may exist
• Avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing over evidence
• Avoid touching your face, nose and mouth when collecting and packaging evidence
• Air-dry evidence thoroughly before packaging
• Put evidence into a new paper bag or envelope, NOT into plastic bags
• Its important to keep the evidence dry and at room temperature

DNA Identity Testing
Each day, nearly 2,000 children are reported missing in the United States. When it comes to babies and children identification is not easy: appearance by photos change rapidly, dental records do not exist and fingerprints and footprints are not fully developed. What is left? DNA

Infidelity Testing (semen detection)
Articles of clothing (underwear, etc.)
Bed sheets or blankets